Queer China: Lesbian and Gay Literature and Visual Culture under Postsocialism (Literary Cultures of the Global South)

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Hildebrandt, Timothy (2018-12-01). "NGOs and the success paradox: gay activism 'after' HIV/AIDS in China". eprints.lse.ac.uk . Retrieved 2023-11-26. Tamagawa, Masami (2019). Japanese LGBT Diasporas: Gender, Immigration Policy and Diverse Experiences. Springer Nature. p.24. ISBN 978-3030310301. The country's anti-homosexuality laws were gradually repealed between 1975 and 1997 (Carbery 2010). ... Japan never had a sodomy law, except the so-called Keikanh o (1872–1880), which exclusively prohibited anal intercourse.

NGOs working on LGBTI issues reported that although public advocacy work became more difficult for them in light of the Foreign NGO Management Law and the Domestic Charity Law, they made some progress in advocating for LGBTI rights through specific antidiscrimination cases. In July a court ruled in favor of a transgender man in his suit against his former employer for wrongful termination. The following Song dynasty was the last dynasty to include a chapter on male companions to the emperors in official documents. [23] In addition to Central Asian influence, the Song dynasty saw the first widespread adoption of Indian Buddhism, which derided sexuality in general. [25] Increasing urbanization caused the monetization of all kinds of sexuality, [26] and the first law against male prostitutes, never effectively enforced, went into effect. Similar but inequal "guardianship" status is legal and in use by same-sex couples) [157] [39] [165] Jeffreys, Elaine; Wang, Pan (2013). "The rise of Chinese-foreign marriage in mainland China, 1979–2010". China Information. 27 (3): 347–349. doi: 10.1177/0920203X13492791. hdl: 10453/27074. S2CID 147243003. Critics argue that China’s acceptance of UN policy on LGBT rights is a foreign policy manoeuvre to appease the international community. [130] Darius Longarino describes this phenomenon as China wanting “to sound tolerant on the world stage”, despite their disregard for LGBT rights. [130]Homosexuality and homoeroticism in China have been documented since ancient times. According to certain studies by Fo Guang University, which is based in Taiwan, and peer reviewed in a journal published by the University of London, homosexuality was regarded as a normal facet of life in China, prior to Western influence from 1840 onwards. [2] [3] Several early Chinese emperors are speculated to have had homosexual relationships accompanied by heterosexual ones. [4] Opposition to homosexuality, according to these same studies, did not become firmly established in China until the 19th and 20th centuries, through the Westernization efforts of the late Qing dynasty and the early Chinese Republic. [5] Chinese Web dramas are commonly deemed as enjoying looser censorship compared with content on TV and the silver screen. They often feature more sexual, violent and other content that is deemed by traditional broadcasters to fall in the no-no area.

a b Kong, Travis S.K. (2019). "Transnational queer sociological analysis of sexual identity and civic‐political activism in Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China". The British Journal of Sociology. 70 (5): 1904–1925. doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12697. ISSN 0007-1315.There is no anti-discrimination provision for sexual orientation or gender identity under Chinese labour law. Labour law specifically protects workers against discrimination on the basis of a person's ethnicity, gender or religion. [55] In October 2017, the National People's Congress amended Chinese law so that "all adults of full capacity are given the liberty of appointing their own guardians by mutual agreement." The system, variously called "legal guardianship" or "guardianship agreement", permits same-sex partners to make important decisions about medical and personal care, death and funeral, property management, and maintenance of rights and interests. In case one partner loses the ability to make crucial decisions (i.e. mental or physical illness or accident), their guardian may decide for them in their best interest. Their legal relationship can also include wealth and inheritance, or pension, depending on which additional legal documents the couple decides to sign, such as a will. [38]