Simply Psychology, Second Edition

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Bergin (1971) found that by selecting different outcome criteria, improvement in the psychoanalytically treated group rose to 83% whilst the percentage of control group patients showing significant improvement dropped to 30%. This approach assumes that the reduction of symptoms alone is relatively inconsequential, as if the underlying conflict is not resolved, more neurotic symptoms will be substituted. This makes generalizations to the wider population (e.g., the whole world) difficult. However, Freud thought this unimportant, believing in only a qualitative difference between people. The term “neo-Freudians” refers to psychologists who were initially followers of Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939) but later developed their own theories, often modifying or challenging Freud’s ideas. The balance between autonomy and shame and doubt allows the child to understand that while they can’t always control their environment, they can exercise control over their actions and decisions, thus developing self-confidence and resilience. Stage 3. Initiative vs. Guilt

As a result, we need to distinguish between the manifest content and the latent content of a dream. The former is what we actually remember. Freud described several defense mechanisms that people unconsciously use to cope with anxiety or distress. Some of these mechanisms include:

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Ego integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of Erik Erikson’s stage theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death. It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and can develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life. Here’s the conflict: Freud, A. (1937). The Ego and the mechanisms of defense. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis. During one session, Albert reports a dream in which his father is leaving on a train, while Albert remains on the platform holding hands with both his mother and his girlfriend. He feels both happy and guilty at the same time.

Finally, Erikson emphasized healthy progression through the stages rather than psychopathology stemming from fixation. He took a strengths-based perspective focused on human potential. Work: In this stage, individuals often focus heavily on their careers. Meaningful work is a way that adults can feel productive and gain a sense of contributing to the world. Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. Erikson claims adolescents may feel uncomfortable about their bodies until they can adapt and “grow into” the changes. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of fidelity.Garfield, S. L., Prager, R. A., & Bergin, A. E. (1971). Evaluating outcome in psychotherapy: A hardy perennial.

In psychoanalysis (therapy) Freud would have a patient lie on a couch to relax, and he would sit behind them taking notes while they told him about their dreams and childhood memories. Psychoanalysis would be a lengthy process, involving many sessions with the psychoanalyst. Traditionally, during psychoanalytic sessions, the patient lies on a couch with the analyst seated just behind and out of the patient’s line of vision. This setup is believed to facilitate free association, allowing the patient to speak freely without the immediate reaction or perceived judgment from the therapist. The absence of face-to-face interaction is thought to help patients project their feelings and transferences more easily. Read through the notes below. Identify the methods the therapist is using. What do you think Albert’s problem is? So, the parents need to encourage the child to become more independent while at the same time protecting the child so that constant failure is avoided.

Types of Data

Ego Integrity: If individuals feel they have lived a fulfilling and meaningful life, they will experience ego integrity. Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. For example, anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in a person’s past is hidden from consciousness and may cause problems during adulthood (neuroses).

Consistent with Erikson’s views on the importance of trust, research by Bowlby and Ainsworth has outlined how the quality of the early attachment experience can affect relationships with others in later life. Despair involves feelings of regret, bitterness, and disappointment with one’s life, and a fear of impending death. Rationalization: Creating logical explanations or justifications to make unacceptable behaviors or thoughts seem more acceptable. This approach helps foster a sense of industry, competence, and confidence in children, reducing feelings of inferiority. Stage 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion

Statistical Testing

The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies valued by society and develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. School Salzman (1980) in fact expresses concerns that psychoanalysis may increase the symptoms of OCDs because of the tendency of such clients to be overly concerned with their actions and to ruminate on their plight (Noonan, 1971). Due to the nature of defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the deterministic forces operating in the unconscious, psychoanalysis in its classic form is a lengthy process, often involving 2 to 5 sessions per week for several years. Adolescents who establish a strong sense of identity can maintain consistent loyalties and values, even amidst societal shifts and changes. Dealing with Failure: School is where children may encounter academic difficulties or fail for the first time.